Staking on Ethereum

Ethereum transitioned to proof of stake in September 2022 — the Merge. Validators stake 32 ETH to participate; the network issues rewards to honest validators and penalizes downtime or attacks.

Solo staking requires exactly 32 ETH per validator — no more, no less per key. Less than 32 ETH? Use staking pools or liquid staking tokens instead of running your own validator.

APR fluctuates with total ETH staked — more stake dilutes individual rewards. Roughly 3–5% historically post-Merge, plus MEV tips to validators. Rewards accrue to the validator balance on chain until withdrawn.